Mirror Therapy Shows Promise in Amputee Treatment

By Donna Miles
American Forces Press Service

Jan. 16, 2008 - When Army Sgt. Nicholas Paupore puts a mirror between his legs and looks down, he's whole again. The right leg that was destroyed when an explosively formed penetrator ripped through his Humvee just south of Kirkuk, Iraq, suddenly reappears before his eyes, reflecting the left leg that remains. Paupore, 32, admitted he was skeptical when Navy Cmdr. (Dr.) Jack Tsao suggested using a mirror to help him deal with excruciating pain he continued feeling in his missing right leg.

The phenomenon, called "phantom limb pain," plagues as many as half of all amputees, likely the result of a faulty signal between the brain and the missing appendage, Tsao explained. Neurons in the brain continue sending out signals to a limb that's no longer there. As a result, amputees can feel discomfort or pain and, in some cases, the sense that their missing limb is stuck in an uncomfortable position.

For Paupore, a 101st Airborne Division artilleryman who was serving on a military transition team training Iraqi troops when he was wounded in July 2006, the pain felt like electric shocks or knives stabbing into his missing leg. "It felt like someone ... was putting an electrode on the back of my ankle," he said.

Paupore tried several different painkillers, including morphine, but none gave him relief.

Tsao, associate professor of neurology at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, in Bethesda, Md., thought he was on to something when he revisited literature he'd first seen while in graduate school. Vilayanur Ramachandran, a neuroscientist at the University of California San Diego, had come up with mirror therapy to treat phantom limb pain in upper extremities.

Ramachandran used mirrors so amputees could "see" and "move" their missing limbs to relieve the discomfort. Funding restrictions and lack of a steady stream of amputees prevented Ramachandran from testing his research through clinical trials.

Tsao, who treats military amputees wounded in Iraq and Afghanistan at Walter Reed Army Medical Center here, had no such restrictions. With huge Defense Department interest in caring for combat-wounded amputees, he had little trouble selling a treatment that involved little more than a $20 mirror.

He set up a clinical trial and recruited 18 combat-wounded amputees suffering from phantom limb pain to participate.

Paupore admitted he wasn't convinced when Tsao first proposed the trial, but said he figured he had nothing to lose. "I was really skeptical," he said. "But I figured, I'm not going anywhere, so I'll try it."

Tsao randomly assigned the participants into three groups. One group received mirror therapy as advocated by Ramachandran. One went through the same therapy, but with the mirror covered by a sheet so it didn't reflect the limb. The third group got no mirror and simply visualized seeing the missing limb in a mirror.

Paupore began the trial in the second group, with a covered mirror. After four weeks, he felt little change. But when Tsao switched him to the group using an uncovered mirror so he was able to "see" his missing leg, Paupore saw immediate improvement.

Sitting on a hospital bed with his legs fully extended, Paupore demonstrated the therapy. He put a standard 6-foot-long mirror lengthwise between his left leg and the residual stump on his right side, with the mirror reflecting the intact leg. He moved the leg, watching the movement in the mirror and imagining that his missing leg was making the movements.

The very first time he tried it, Paupore felt something happening. "The stump started firing off right away," he said. "It got a little uncomfortable."

Participants in the trial used the mirror therapy technique 15 minutes a day, five days a week for four weeks. "Pain levels seemed to come down after the first week and keep diminishing," Tsao said.

Every single person who used the mirror experienced relief, and some reported that their phantom pain disappeared altogether.

Tsao continued administering the therapy for an additional four weeks, up to eight weeks, and saw more success in patients who still felt phantom pain. Many were able to get off their pain medicine altogether or bring their pain levels down to a point where it was manageable with low dosages of drugs, he said.

"The mirror works for most people who have tried it," Tsao said. "It doesn't work fully for everyone. Some people are left with some residual pain, but it is better than when they started. For the most part, if you talk to the amputees here, they have actually been able to get off the medications, some sooner than others."

Those who used the covered mirror or visualization had far less success, Tsao reported. Some said their phantom pain actually worsened until they began therapy with an actual mirror.

More than a year after completing his mirror therapy, Paupore said he still experiences occasional phantom pain, but "only once in a great while." The pain is far less severe than before the mirror therapy, and Paupore is off painkillers altogether.

"It tricks your brain into thinking your leg is still there, so it's not misfiring," he said. "I don't know how it works, but it works."

Paupore said he encourages other amputees suffering from phantom pain to give mirror therapy a try. "I've always recommended it to them," he said. "At least give it a try. Some people may get mild help out of it; some may get extraordinary help out of it."

Tsao is quick to say mirror therapy doesn't work for everybody. "It's not a cure-all for all kinds of phantom pain, but it's definitely a way to improve therapy," he said.

Even patients whose pain remains after the therapy reported less severe symptoms. "A lot of them are very surprised that they are actually able to get movement and then the pain seems to be going away."

Tsao published the results of the clinical trials this past fall in the New England Journal of Medicine. Based on the promise it's shown, he said, he hopes to get approval for two more studies.

One will test mirror therapy for treating phantom pain in missing arms; Tsao said he hopes to conduct that trial both at Walter Reed at the Center for the Intrepid military rehabilitation facility, at Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio. The second trial, called functional magnetic resonance imaging, will attempt to figure out precisely why mirror therapy works.

Overall, Tsao called the Defense Department's advances in treating amputees "nothing short of phenomenal" and said he's proud to be playing a part.

"I think the most gratifying part of this is that we are actually able to help in the rehabilitation process for the amputees here," he said. "I go home everyday knowing people are going to be getting better. It makes me feel great."